[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.31.49.0/24 [110/8] via 192.168.43.1, 23:06:28, Loopback60
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.241.56.0/23 [110/7] via 192.168.11.44, 02:22:02, FastEthernet1/1
O    10.119.195.0/16 [110/2] via 192.168.54.114, 11:23:26, Loopback7
O    10.31.49.0/24 [110/8] via 192.168.85.1, 00:00:15, Serial2/0:1

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two ECMP OSPF routes for 10.31.49.0/24 have equal metrics (8) but vastly different ages: 23:06:28 vs 00:00:15.
2. Analysis: An OSPF route older than 1 hour without refresh suggests the neighbor may be down, the interface is flapping, or the LSA is not being refreshed. OSPF should age out LSAs after 3600 seconds (1 hour).
3. Context: If the neighbor on Loopback60 is truly unreachable, traffic forwarded via 192.168.43.1 will be black-holed. The stale route remaining in the RIB indicates a potential SPF calculation issue or neighbor stuck in 2-way state.
4. Recommendation: Verify OSPF neighbor state on Loopback60 using 'show ip ospf neighbor'. Check interface counters for errors or flaps. If the neighbor is down, the route should be removed; investigate why it persists.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Stale ECMP path for 10.31.49.0/24. Route via 192.168.43.1 on Loopback60 is 23:06:28 old. Verify OSPF neighbor adjacency. Risk of black-holed traffic if next-hop is unreachable.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
D    10.50.9.0/24 [90/586] via 192.168.9.124
D    10.77.171.0/24 [90/110] via 192.168.47.1
D    10.77.171.0/24 [90/233] via 192.168.84.1
D    10.77.171.0/24 [90/472] via 192.168.146.1
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
D    10.140.142.0/16 [90/629] via 192.168.61.82
D    10.94.29.0/30 [90/793] via 192.168.57.82
D    10.13.58.0/28 [90/443] via 192.168.97.249

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Three EIGRP routes to 10.77.171.0/24 have metrics 110, 233, and 472. Current variance is 2, which allows paths with metric up to 220.
2. Analysis: With variance 2, the maximum acceptable metric is 220. Path via 192.168.84.1 has metric 233 (within range), but path via 192.168.146.1 has metric 472 (exceeds range). Therefore, only two paths participate in unequal-cost load balancing.
3. Context: The third path is completely unused despite being a valid feasible successor. This underutilizes available capacity. If the variance was intended to include all three paths, it is insufficient.
4. Recommendation: Increase variance to 5 to include all three paths. Alternatively, if only two paths are desired, verify the design intent and remove or suppress the third path to avoid confusion.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: EIGRP variance 2 too low for 10.77.171.0/24. Metric 472 via 192.168.146.1 exceeds variance limit (220). Only 2 of 3 paths are active. Increase variance to 5 or verify design intent.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.141.157.0/16 [110/2] via 192.168.237.235, 13:24:35, Serial1/1:0
O    10.227.255.0/27 [110/2] via 192.168.43.10, 16:36:25, Loopback77
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.86.120.0/24 [110/9] via 192.168.41.1, 05:51:09, GigabitEthernet2/0

Question: What routing issues could cause network instability in this configuration?

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: The RIB shows 10.86.120.0/24 reachable via 192.168.41.1 on GigabitEthernet2/0. CEF shows this prefix with 'punt' or 'glean' adjacency instead of a resolved MAC address.
2. Analysis: CEF 'glean' adjacency means the router needs to perform an ARP lookup for 192.168.41.1 before forwarding. 'Punt' means packets are sent to the CPU for processing. Both indicate the Layer 2 next-hop is not fully resolved.
3. Context: Every packet to 10.86.120.0/24 triggers an ARP request or CPU punt, causing severe performance degradation. This commonly occurs when the next-hop is reachable but ARP is failing due to proxy-ARP being disabled, VLAN mismatch, or MAC address table overflow.
4. Recommendation: Verify ARP entry for 192.168.41.1 with 'show ip arp 192.168.41.1'. If missing, check L2 connectivity on GigabitEthernet2/0. Ensure proxy-ARP is enabled if required. Check for MAC flapping or CAM table exhaustion on the switch.
</reasoning>
<answer>
CRITICAL: CEF adjacency incomplete for 10.86.120.0/24. Next-hop 192.168.41.1 shows 'glean'/'punt' in CEF instead of resolved MAC. Every packet punts to CPU. Verify ARP, L2 connectivity on GigabitEthernet2/0, and proxy-ARP settings.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.10.158.0/24 [110/5] via 192.168.5.1, 23:04:40, Serial2/1:1
O    10.135.206.0/19 [110/3] via 192.168.178.111, 09:40:39, Port-channel3
O    10.10.158.0/24 [110/5] via 192.168.57.1, 00:00:28, GigabitEthernet0/2
O    10.237.37.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.240.193, 01:29:54, FastEthernet0/3
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two ECMP OSPF routes for 10.10.158.0/24 have equal metrics (5) but vastly different ages: 23:04:40 vs 00:00:28.
2. Analysis: An OSPF route older than 1 hour without refresh suggests the neighbor may be down, the interface is flapping, or the LSA is not being refreshed. OSPF should age out LSAs after 3600 seconds (1 hour).
3. Context: If the neighbor on Serial2/1:1 is truly unreachable, traffic forwarded via 192.168.5.1 will be black-holed. The stale route remaining in the RIB indicates a potential SPF calculation issue or neighbor stuck in 2-way state.
4. Recommendation: Verify OSPF neighbor state on Serial2/1:1 using 'show ip ospf neighbor'. Check interface counters for errors or flaps. If the neighbor is down, the route should be removed; investigate why it persists.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Stale ECMP path for 10.10.158.0/24. Route via 192.168.5.1 on Serial2/1:1 is 23:04:40 old. Verify OSPF neighbor adjacency. Risk of black-holed traffic if next-hop is unreachable.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.31.28.0/24 [110/7] via 192.168.28.1, 11:39:39, GigabitEthernet0/2
O    10.209.192.0/19 [110/17] via 192.168.141.38, 17:32:59, FastEthernet2/1
O    10.241.242.0/27 [110/13] via 192.168.144.129, 02:16:49, Port-channel2
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.99.99.0/18 [110/20] via 192.168.101.117, 03:28:24, FastEthernet2/0

Question: Does this routing table have any routing inconsistencies?

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: The RIB contains an OSPF route to 10.31.28.0/24 via 192.168.28.1 on GigabitEthernet0/2. However, 'show ip cef 10.31.28.0/24' returns 'no route' or 'unresolved'.
2. Analysis: CEF builds its Forwarding Information Base (FIB) from the RIB, but discrepancies can occur due to: (a) CEF being disabled on the interface, (b) an ARP resolution failure for 192.168.28.1, (c) a CEF table corruption, or (d) a recursive routing loop preventing FIB installation.
3. Context: When CEF and RIB disagree, the router falls back to process switching for that destination, causing high CPU usage and packet drops under load. This severely impacts performance for traffic to 10.31.28.0/24.
4. Recommendation: Verify CEF is enabled globally ('ip cef') and on GigabitEthernet0/2 ('ip route-cache cef'). Check ARP table for 192.168.28.1. If ARP is missing, verify L2 connectivity. Clear CEF table with 'clear ip cef *' if corruption is suspected.
</reasoning>
<answer>
CRITICAL: CEF/RIB mismatch for 10.31.28.0/24. Route exists in RIB via 192.168.28.1 but missing from CEF FIB. Router falls back to process switching. Verify CEF enablement, ARP resolution for 192.168.28.1, and clear CEF if corrupted.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.99.126.0/24 [110/18] via 192.168.155.45, 06:51:43, Loopback69
O    10.200.241.0/28 [110/19] via 192.168.213.225, 10:26:32, Loopback67
O    10.153.85.0/30 [110/3] via 192.168.244.146, 15:03:46, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.60.129.0/30 [110/3] via 192.168.240.2, 12:40:51, FastEthernet2/1
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.42.142.0/24 [110/10] via 192.168.46.1, 03:35:38, Loopback89

Question: Does this routing table have any routing inconsistencies?

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: The RIB contains an OSPF route to 10.42.142.0/24 via 192.168.46.1 on Loopback89. However, 'show ip cef 10.42.142.0/24' returns 'no route' or 'unresolved'.
2. Analysis: CEF builds its Forwarding Information Base (FIB) from the RIB, but discrepancies can occur due to: (a) CEF being disabled on the interface, (b) an ARP resolution failure for 192.168.46.1, (c) a CEF table corruption, or (d) a recursive routing loop preventing FIB installation.
3. Context: When CEF and RIB disagree, the router falls back to process switching for that destination, causing high CPU usage and packet drops under load. This severely impacts performance for traffic to 10.42.142.0/24.
4. Recommendation: Verify CEF is enabled globally ('ip cef') and on Loopback89 ('ip route-cache cef'). Check ARP table for 192.168.46.1. If ARP is missing, verify L2 connectivity. Clear CEF table with 'clear ip cef *' if corruption is suspected.
</reasoning>
<answer>
CRITICAL: CEF/RIB mismatch for 10.42.142.0/24. Route exists in RIB via 192.168.46.1 but missing from CEF FIB. Router falls back to process switching. Verify CEF enablement, ARP resolution for 192.168.46.1, and clear CEF if corrupted.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.211.168.0/26 [110/9] via 192.168.170.141, 04:36:17, GigabitEthernet2/3
O    10.114.120.0/18 [110/6] via 192.168.151.167, 03:08:21, Loopback87
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.43.96.0/24 [110/88] via 192.168.61.1, 12:50:37, GigabitEthernet3/0
O    10.43.96.0/24 [110/3] via 192.168.28.1, 08:08:47, FastEthernet3/2

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two OSPF routes to 10.43.96.0/24 exist via 192.168.28.1 (metric 3) and 192.168.61.1 (metric 88).
2. Analysis: ECMP requires equal metrics for all paths to the same destination. The metrics differ by 85, which violates ECMP requirements. CEF will select only the best path.
3. Context: Traffic will not be load-balanced. The higher-metric path is effectively unused, wasting bandwidth. If the lower-metric path fails, convergence will be slower as the router must discover the backup.
4. Recommendation: Equalize OSPF costs on all interfaces leading to 10.43.96.0/24. Verify interface bandwidth and delay settings are consistent across parallel links.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric ECMP for 10.43.96.0/24. OSPF metrics differ (3 vs 88). CEF will not load-balance. Equalize interface costs on FastEthernet3/2 and GigabitEthernet3/0.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
D    10.84.59.0/24 [90/618] via 192.168.109.1
D    10.84.59.0/24 [90/381] via 192.168.68.1
D    10.159.233.0/30 [90/297] via 192.168.113.36
D    10.164.159.0/17 [90/615] via 192.168.108.129
D    10.84.59.0/24 [90/237] via 192.168.41.1
D    10.150.113.0/30 [90/401] via 192.168.118.237
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Three EIGRP routes to 10.84.59.0/24 have metrics 237, 381, and 618. Current variance is 2, which allows paths with metric up to 474.
2. Analysis: With variance 2, the maximum acceptable metric is 474. Path via 192.168.68.1 has metric 381 (within range), but path via 192.168.109.1 has metric 618 (exceeds range). Therefore, only two paths participate in unequal-cost load balancing.
3. Context: The third path is completely unused despite being a valid feasible successor. This underutilizes available capacity. If the variance was intended to include all three paths, it is insufficient.
4. Recommendation: Increase variance to 3 to include all three paths. Alternatively, if only two paths are desired, verify the design intent and remove or suppress the third path to avoid confusion.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: EIGRP variance 2 too low for 10.84.59.0/24. Metric 618 via 192.168.109.1 exceeds variance limit (474). Only 2 of 3 paths are active. Increase variance to 3 or verify design intent.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.54.247.0/24 [110/6] via 192.168.41.1, 22:09:00, GigabitEthernet2/0
O    10.151.130.0/20 [110/16] via 192.168.30.157, 02:15:27, FastEthernet0/3
O    10.171.52.0/22 [110/6] via 192.168.110.176, 17:51:17, Loopback1

Question: What routing issues could cause network instability in this configuration?

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: The RIB shows 10.54.247.0/24 reachable via 192.168.41.1 on GigabitEthernet2/0. CEF shows this prefix with 'punt' or 'glean' adjacency instead of a resolved MAC address.
2. Analysis: CEF 'glean' adjacency means the router needs to perform an ARP lookup for 192.168.41.1 before forwarding. 'Punt' means packets are sent to the CPU for processing. Both indicate the Layer 2 next-hop is not fully resolved.
3. Context: Every packet to 10.54.247.0/24 triggers an ARP request or CPU punt, causing severe performance degradation. This commonly occurs when the next-hop is reachable but ARP is failing due to proxy-ARP being disabled, VLAN mismatch, or MAC address table overflow.
4. Recommendation: Verify ARP entry for 192.168.41.1 with 'show ip arp 192.168.41.1'. If missing, check L2 connectivity on GigabitEthernet2/0. Ensure proxy-ARP is enabled if required. Check for MAC flapping or CAM table exhaustion on the switch.
</reasoning>
<answer>
CRITICAL: CEF adjacency incomplete for 10.54.247.0/24. Next-hop 192.168.41.1 shows 'glean'/'punt' in CEF instead of resolved MAC. Every packet punts to CPU. Verify ARP, L2 connectivity on GigabitEthernet2/0, and proxy-ARP settings.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
D    10.127.183.0/24 [90/107] via 192.168.40.1
D    10.127.183.0/24 [90/228] via 192.168.54.1
D    10.251.27.0/29 [90/293] via 192.168.96.133
D    10.123.242.0/18 [90/971] via 192.168.7.190
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two EIGRP routes to 10.127.183.0/24 exist with metrics 107 and 228. The successor is via 192.168.40.1 with metric 107.
2. Analysis: EIGRP does not perform ECMP by default when metrics are unequal. Unequal-cost load balancing requires the 'variance' command. Without it, only the successor (lowest metric) is used for forwarding.
3. Context: The feasible successor via 192.168.54.1 is available but inactive for forwarding. This wastes the redundant path capacity. If the primary path fails, EIGRP will converge to the backup, but until then bandwidth is underutilized.
4. Recommendation: If unequal-cost load balancing is desired, configure 'variance 3' under the EIGRP process. If equal-cost is desired, standardize bandwidth and delay parameters across all paths to 10.127.183.0/24.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric EIGRP ECMP for 10.127.183.0/24. Metrics 107 and 228 are unequal. No variance configured. Only successor via 192.168.40.1 is active. Configure variance or equalize metrics.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
D    10.40.114.0/19 [90/412] via 192.168.141.35
D    10.141.93.0/24 [90/376] via 192.168.75.1
D    10.141.93.0/24 [90/291] via 192.168.44.1
D    10.196.93.0/30 [90/980] via 192.168.184.154
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two EIGRP routes to 10.141.93.0/24 exist with metrics 291 and 376. The successor is via 192.168.44.1 with metric 291.
2. Analysis: EIGRP does not perform ECMP by default when metrics are unequal. Unequal-cost load balancing requires the 'variance' command. Without it, only the successor (lowest metric) is used for forwarding.
3. Context: The feasible successor via 192.168.75.1 is available but inactive for forwarding. This wastes the redundant path capacity. If the primary path fails, EIGRP will converge to the backup, but until then bandwidth is underutilized.
4. Recommendation: If unequal-cost load balancing is desired, configure 'variance 2' under the EIGRP process. If equal-cost is desired, standardize bandwidth and delay parameters across all paths to 10.141.93.0/24.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric EIGRP ECMP for 10.141.93.0/24. Metrics 291 and 376 are unequal. No variance configured. Only successor via 192.168.44.1 is active. Configure variance or equalize metrics.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.116.215.0/28 [110/11] via 192.168.239.147, 08:24:52, Serial1/1:0
O    10.42.126.0/24 [110/6] via 192.168.36.1, 16:33:14, Serial2/1:1
O    10.151.126.0/26 [110/11] via 192.168.199.190, 00:38:41, FastEthernet3/2
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.42.126.0/24 [110/56] via 192.168.99.1, 07:52:49, GigabitEthernet3/3
O    10.107.134.0/22 [110/12] via 192.168.68.168, 14:38:17, Serial1/0:0
O    10.192.32.0/28 [110/15] via 192.168.68.26, 06:49:04, Port-channel6

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two OSPF routes to 10.42.126.0/24 exist via 192.168.36.1 (metric 6) and 192.168.99.1 (metric 56).
2. Analysis: ECMP requires equal metrics for all paths to the same destination. The metrics differ by 50, which violates ECMP requirements. CEF will select only the best path.
3. Context: Traffic will not be load-balanced. The higher-metric path is effectively unused, wasting bandwidth. If the lower-metric path fails, convergence will be slower as the router must discover the backup.
4. Recommendation: Equalize OSPF costs on all interfaces leading to 10.42.126.0/24. Verify interface bandwidth and delay settings are consistent across parallel links.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric ECMP for 10.42.126.0/24. OSPF metrics differ (6 vs 56). CEF will not load-balance. Equalize interface costs on Serial2/1:1 and GigabitEthernet3/3.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
B    10.62.206.0/18 [20/4] via 192.168.24.121
B    10.9.109.0/16 [20/6] via 192.168.153.183
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
B    10.14.88.0/19 [20/10] via 192.168.125.86
B    10.149.241.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.4.1, AS_PATH: 65001
B    10.65.57.0/24 [20/8] via 192.168.241.208
B    10.11.85.0/29 [20/10] via 192.168.112.243
B    10.149.241.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.93.1, AS_PATH: 65002 65003

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two BGP routes to 10.149.241.0/24 exist via 192.168.4.1 (AS_PATH: 65001) and 192.168.93.1 (AS_PATH: 65002 65003). Both have local-pref 100 and weight 0.
2. Analysis: BGP path selection prefers shorter AS_PATH. The route via 192.168.4.1 has AS_PATH length 1, while the route via 192.168.93.1 has length 2. Therefore, only the path via 192.168.4.1 is selected as best path. ECMP requires all compared attributes to be identical up to the point of divergence.
3. Context: Even with 'maximum-paths 2' configured, BGP will not install the second path because AS_PATH lengths differ. The router is single-homed in terms of active forwarding, defeating redundancy.
4. Recommendation: If true ECMP is desired, manipulate AS_PATH to be equal (e.g., using AS_PATH prepending on the preferred path) or adjust local-preference/weight. Alternatively, accept single best-path behavior if design intent is primary/backup.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: BGP unequal-cost paths for 10.149.241.0/24. AS_PATH lengths differ (1 vs 2). 'maximum-paths' will not help. Equalize AS_PATH or use local-preference for true ECMP.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
D    10.59.247.0/24 [90/280] via 192.168.11.1
D    10.119.133.0/20 [90/956] via 192.168.159.91
D    10.59.247.0/24 [90/335] via 192.168.59.1
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
D    10.30.30.0/20 [90/572] via 192.168.101.127
D    10.167.122.0/24 [90/983] via 192.168.113.44
D    10.59.247.0/24 [90/566] via 192.168.142.1
D    10.23.15.0/26 [90/449] via 192.168.77.92

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Three EIGRP routes to 10.59.247.0/24 have metrics 280, 335, and 566. Current variance is 2, which allows paths with metric up to 560.
2. Analysis: With variance 2, the maximum acceptable metric is 560. Path via 192.168.59.1 has metric 335 (within range), but path via 192.168.142.1 has metric 566 (exceeds range). Therefore, only two paths participate in unequal-cost load balancing.
3. Context: The third path is completely unused despite being a valid feasible successor. This underutilizes available capacity. If the variance was intended to include all three paths, it is insufficient.
4. Recommendation: Increase variance to 3 to include all three paths. Alternatively, if only two paths are desired, verify the design intent and remove or suppress the third path to avoid confusion.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: EIGRP variance 2 too low for 10.59.247.0/24. Metric 566 via 192.168.142.1 exceeds variance limit (560). Only 2 of 3 paths are active. Increase variance to 3 or verify design intent.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
B    10.135.240.0/30 [20/6] via 192.168.116.114
B    10.103.173.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.62.1, AS_PATH: 65002 65003
B    10.103.173.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.1.1, AS_PATH: 65001
B    10.65.173.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.111.96
B    10.48.219.0/29 [20/4] via 192.168.241.87
B    10.130.9.0/26 [20/10] via 192.168.85.12

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two BGP routes to 10.103.173.0/24 exist via 192.168.1.1 (AS_PATH: 65001) and 192.168.62.1 (AS_PATH: 65002 65003). Both have local-pref 100 and weight 0.
2. Analysis: BGP path selection prefers shorter AS_PATH. The route via 192.168.1.1 has AS_PATH length 1, while the route via 192.168.62.1 has length 2. Therefore, only the path via 192.168.1.1 is selected as best path. ECMP requires all compared attributes to be identical up to the point of divergence.
3. Context: Even with 'maximum-paths 2' configured, BGP will not install the second path because AS_PATH lengths differ. The router is single-homed in terms of active forwarding, defeating redundancy.
4. Recommendation: If true ECMP is desired, manipulate AS_PATH to be equal (e.g., using AS_PATH prepending on the preferred path) or adjust local-preference/weight. Alternatively, accept single best-path behavior if design intent is primary/backup.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: BGP unequal-cost paths for 10.103.173.0/24. AS_PATH lengths differ (1 vs 2). 'maximum-paths' will not help. Equalize AS_PATH or use local-preference for true ECMP.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.40.246.0/24 [110/9] via 192.168.83.1, 20:45:12, FastEthernet1/0
O    10.182.25.0/24 [110/7] via 192.168.191.30, 22:41:49, Serial0/1:0
O    10.40.246.0/24 [110/11] via 192.168.149.1, 19:34:37, FastEthernet2/1
O    10.40.246.0/24 [110/7] via 192.168.47.1, 14:47:23, FastEthernet0/1
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.11.162.0/22 [110/10] via 192.168.219.18, 22:22:12, Serial1/0:0

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Three OSPF routes to 10.40.246.0/24 exist with metrics 7, 9, and 11 via 192.168.47.1, 192.168.83.1, and 192.168.149.1 respectively.
2. Analysis: OSPF supports up to 16 equal-cost paths by default, but all paths must have identical cost. The metric spread of 4 means only the best path (metric 7 via 192.168.47.1) will be used. The other two paths are feasible successors but not used for ECMP.
3. Context: This wastes two redundant links. If the intent was true ECMP across three links, the costs must be identical. The current configuration provides backup but no load distribution.
4. Recommendation: Standardize OSPF auto-cost reference bandwidth or manually set 'ip ospf cost' to the same value on all three interfaces. Verify interface bandwidth settings are consistent.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Unequal OSPF ECMP for 10.40.246.0/24. Metrics 7, 9, 11 prevent true load balancing. Only path via 192.168.47.1 (metric 7) is active. Standardize OSPF costs across FastEthernet0/1, FastEthernet1/0, FastEthernet2/1.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
D    10.135.66.0/29 [90/702] via 192.168.50.143
D    10.19.230.0/26 [90/546] via 192.168.210.82
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
D    10.137.118.0/24 [90/223] via 192.168.6.1
D    10.247.88.0/26 [90/672] via 192.168.188.14
D    10.137.118.0/24 [90/399] via 192.168.85.1
D    10.201.32.0/17 [90/919] via 192.168.88.81

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two EIGRP routes to 10.137.118.0/24 exist with metrics 223 and 399. The successor is via 192.168.6.1 with metric 223.
2. Analysis: EIGRP does not perform ECMP by default when metrics are unequal. Unequal-cost load balancing requires the 'variance' command. Without it, only the successor (lowest metric) is used for forwarding.
3. Context: The feasible successor via 192.168.85.1 is available but inactive for forwarding. This wastes the redundant path capacity. If the primary path fails, EIGRP will converge to the backup, but until then bandwidth is underutilized.
4. Recommendation: If unequal-cost load balancing is desired, configure 'variance 2' under the EIGRP process. If equal-cost is desired, standardize bandwidth and delay parameters across all paths to 10.137.118.0/24.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric EIGRP ECMP for 10.137.118.0/24. Metrics 223 and 399 are unequal. No variance configured. Only successor via 192.168.6.1 is active. Configure variance or equalize metrics.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.62.32.0/18 [110/6] via 192.168.28.32, 01:22:26, Serial1/0:1
O    10.159.117.0/27 [110/5] via 192.168.49.143, 05:30:01, FastEthernet3/0
O    10.85.195.0/24 [110/9] via 192.168.41.1, 05:04:42, Loopback97
O    10.200.193.0/28 [110/20] via 192.168.40.10, 12:28:38, Loopback20
O    10.46.245.0/20 [110/12] via 192.168.163.83, 02:22:58, Loopback24
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.76.243.0/17 [110/5] via 192.168.110.180, 20:29:49, Loopback84

Question: What routing issues could cause network instability in this configuration?

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: The RIB shows 10.85.195.0/24 reachable via 192.168.41.1 on Loopback97. CEF shows this prefix with 'punt' or 'glean' adjacency instead of a resolved MAC address.
2. Analysis: CEF 'glean' adjacency means the router needs to perform an ARP lookup for 192.168.41.1 before forwarding. 'Punt' means packets are sent to the CPU for processing. Both indicate the Layer 2 next-hop is not fully resolved.
3. Context: Every packet to 10.85.195.0/24 triggers an ARP request or CPU punt, causing severe performance degradation. This commonly occurs when the next-hop is reachable but ARP is failing due to proxy-ARP being disabled, VLAN mismatch, or MAC address table overflow.
4. Recommendation: Verify ARP entry for 192.168.41.1 with 'show ip arp 192.168.41.1'. If missing, check L2 connectivity on Loopback97. Ensure proxy-ARP is enabled if required. Check for MAC flapping or CAM table exhaustion on the switch.
</reasoning>
<answer>
CRITICAL: CEF adjacency incomplete for 10.85.195.0/24. Next-hop 192.168.41.1 shows 'glean'/'punt' in CEF instead of resolved MAC. Every packet punts to CPU. Verify ARP, L2 connectivity on Loopback97, and proxy-ARP settings.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.109.237.0/24 [110/3] via 192.168.254.141, 00:32:21, Loopback42
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.27.68.0/24 [110/7] via 192.168.14.1, 00:49:14, Serial3/0:0
O    10.130.80.0/19 [110/15] via 192.168.55.212, 00:55:21, GigabitEthernet1/1
O    10.27.68.0/24 [110/103] via 192.168.61.1, 16:26:42, Serial3/0:0

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two OSPF routes to 10.27.68.0/24 exist via 192.168.14.1 (metric 7) and 192.168.61.1 (metric 103).
2. Analysis: ECMP requires equal metrics for all paths to the same destination. The metrics differ by 96, which violates ECMP requirements. CEF will select only the best path.
3. Context: Traffic will not be load-balanced. The higher-metric path is effectively unused, wasting bandwidth. If the lower-metric path fails, convergence will be slower as the router must discover the backup.
4. Recommendation: Equalize OSPF costs on all interfaces leading to 10.27.68.0/24. Verify interface bandwidth and delay settings are consistent across parallel links.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric ECMP for 10.27.68.0/24. OSPF metrics differ (7 vs 103). CEF will not load-balance. Equalize interface costs on Serial3/0:0 and Serial3/0:0.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
B    10.82.150.0/24 [20/28] via 192.168.54.1
B    10.77.27.0/21 [20/5] via 192.168.7.159
B    10.25.81.0/17 [20/4] via 192.168.247.164
B    10.20.71.0/25 [20/5] via 192.168.133.89
B    10.82.150.0/24 [20/5] via 192.168.38.1
B    10.125.158.0/26 [20/5] via 192.168.160.65
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
B    10.161.100.0/18 [20/7] via 192.168.145.207

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two BGP routes to 10.82.150.0/24 exist via 192.168.38.1 (MED 5) and 192.168.54.1 (MED 28), both with AD 20.
2. Analysis: BGP uses MED for path selection when routes are from the same AS. With different MEDs, BGP will prefer the lower-MED path only. True ECMP for BGP requires identical best-path attributes (weight, local-pref, AS-path length, MED, IGP metric).
3. Context: The MED difference of 23 causes asymmetric routing. Traffic will flow primarily via 192.168.38.1, leaving the path via 192.168.54.1 underutilized. This defeats the purpose of dual-homing.
4. Recommendation: If ECMP is desired, ensure MED values are equal for both paths. Alternatively, configure maximum-paths under the BGP address family and verify all best-path attributes match.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric BGP ECMP for 10.82.150.0/24. MED values differ (5 vs 28). Only path via 192.168.38.1 is preferred. Equalize MEDs or configure maximum-paths with matching attributes.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
D    10.180.198.0/28 [90/179] via 192.168.143.8
D    10.102.232.0/18 [90/862] via 192.168.47.74
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
D    10.228.189.0/21 [90/654] via 192.168.208.245
D    10.102.52.0/24 [90/585] via 192.168.65.1
D    10.102.52.0/24 [90/404] via 192.168.36.1
D    10.63.83.0/26 [90/472] via 192.168.114.160
D    10.98.244.0/19 [90/851] via 192.168.5.79

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two EIGRP routes to 10.102.52.0/24 exist with metrics 404 and 585. The successor is via 192.168.36.1 with metric 404.
2. Analysis: EIGRP does not perform ECMP by default when metrics are unequal. Unequal-cost load balancing requires the 'variance' command. Without it, only the successor (lowest metric) is used for forwarding.
3. Context: The feasible successor via 192.168.65.1 is available but inactive for forwarding. This wastes the redundant path capacity. If the primary path fails, EIGRP will converge to the backup, but until then bandwidth is underutilized.
4. Recommendation: If unequal-cost load balancing is desired, configure 'variance 2' under the EIGRP process. If equal-cost is desired, standardize bandwidth and delay parameters across all paths to 10.102.52.0/24.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric EIGRP ECMP for 10.102.52.0/24. Metrics 404 and 585 are unequal. No variance configured. Only successor via 192.168.36.1 is active. Configure variance or equalize metrics.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
B    10.72.180.0/20 [20/3] via 192.168.1.118
B    10.6.221.0/23 [20/0] via 192.168.124.201
B    10.56.189.0/24 [20/33] via 192.168.61.1
B    10.34.62.0/23 [20/1] via 192.168.41.201
B    10.187.224.0/16 [20/5] via 192.168.74.54
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
B    10.56.189.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.36.1

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two BGP routes to 10.56.189.0/24 exist via 192.168.36.1 (MED 0) and 192.168.61.1 (MED 33), both with AD 20.
2. Analysis: BGP uses MED for path selection when routes are from the same AS. With different MEDs, BGP will prefer the lower-MED path only. True ECMP for BGP requires identical best-path attributes (weight, local-pref, AS-path length, MED, IGP metric).
3. Context: The MED difference of 33 causes asymmetric routing. Traffic will flow primarily via 192.168.36.1, leaving the path via 192.168.61.1 underutilized. This defeats the purpose of dual-homing.
4. Recommendation: If ECMP is desired, ensure MED values are equal for both paths. Alternatively, configure maximum-paths under the BGP address family and verify all best-path attributes match.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric BGP ECMP for 10.56.189.0/24. MED values differ (0 vs 33). Only path via 192.168.36.1 is preferred. Equalize MEDs or configure maximum-paths with matching attributes.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
B    10.73.124.0/21 [20/7] via 192.168.100.40
B    10.64.101.0/24 [20/52] via 192.168.81.1
B    10.213.196.0/24 [20/10] via 192.168.136.211
B    10.64.101.0/24 [20/3] via 192.168.15.1
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two BGP routes to 10.64.101.0/24 exist via 192.168.15.1 (MED 3) and 192.168.81.1 (MED 52), both with AD 20.
2. Analysis: BGP uses MED for path selection when routes are from the same AS. With different MEDs, BGP will prefer the lower-MED path only. True ECMP for BGP requires identical best-path attributes (weight, local-pref, AS-path length, MED, IGP metric).
3. Context: The MED difference of 49 causes asymmetric routing. Traffic will flow primarily via 192.168.15.1, leaving the path via 192.168.81.1 underutilized. This defeats the purpose of dual-homing.
4. Recommendation: If ECMP is desired, ensure MED values are equal for both paths. Alternatively, configure maximum-paths under the BGP address family and verify all best-path attributes match.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric BGP ECMP for 10.64.101.0/24. MED values differ (3 vs 52). Only path via 192.168.15.1 is preferred. Equalize MEDs or configure maximum-paths with matching attributes.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
D    10.129.40.0/24 [90/548] via 192.168.97.1
D    10.55.71.0/26 [90/182] via 192.168.106.238
D    10.212.145.0/18 [90/146] via 192.168.104.217
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
D    10.129.40.0/24 [90/487] via 192.168.33.1

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two EIGRP routes to 10.129.40.0/24 exist with metrics 487 and 548. The successor is via 192.168.33.1 with metric 487.
2. Analysis: EIGRP does not perform ECMP by default when metrics are unequal. Unequal-cost load balancing requires the 'variance' command. Without it, only the successor (lowest metric) is used for forwarding.
3. Context: The feasible successor via 192.168.97.1 is available but inactive for forwarding. This wastes the redundant path capacity. If the primary path fails, EIGRP will converge to the backup, but until then bandwidth is underutilized.
4. Recommendation: If unequal-cost load balancing is desired, configure 'variance 2' under the EIGRP process. If equal-cost is desired, standardize bandwidth and delay parameters across all paths to 10.129.40.0/24.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric EIGRP ECMP for 10.129.40.0/24. Metrics 487 and 548 are unequal. No variance configured. Only successor via 192.168.33.1 is active. Configure variance or equalize metrics.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
B    10.113.38.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.79.1, AS_PATH: 65002 65003
B    10.4.138.0/22 [20/0] via 192.168.244.74
B    10.113.38.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.27.1, AS_PATH: 65001
B    10.175.251.0/16 [20/9] via 192.168.100.41
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
B    10.249.54.0/19 [20/1] via 192.168.169.249
B    10.179.106.0/18 [20/4] via 192.168.109.207

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two BGP routes to 10.113.38.0/24 exist via 192.168.27.1 (AS_PATH: 65001) and 192.168.79.1 (AS_PATH: 65002 65003). Both have local-pref 100 and weight 0.
2. Analysis: BGP path selection prefers shorter AS_PATH. The route via 192.168.27.1 has AS_PATH length 1, while the route via 192.168.79.1 has length 2. Therefore, only the path via 192.168.27.1 is selected as best path. ECMP requires all compared attributes to be identical up to the point of divergence.
3. Context: Even with 'maximum-paths 2' configured, BGP will not install the second path because AS_PATH lengths differ. The router is single-homed in terms of active forwarding, defeating redundancy.
4. Recommendation: If true ECMP is desired, manipulate AS_PATH to be equal (e.g., using AS_PATH prepending on the preferred path) or adjust local-preference/weight. Alternatively, accept single best-path behavior if design intent is primary/backup.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: BGP unequal-cost paths for 10.113.38.0/24. AS_PATH lengths differ (1 vs 2). 'maximum-paths' will not help. Equalize AS_PATH or use local-preference for true ECMP.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.139.180.0/23 [110/5] via 192.168.234.125, 21:17:09, Loopback61
O    10.100.169.0/24 [110/8] via 192.168.22.1, 04:56:28, FastEthernet0/1
O    10.226.174.0/25 [110/3] via 192.168.215.39, 10:12:41, FastEthernet0/3
O    10.130.251.0/20 [110/10] via 192.168.98.122, 00:12:55, Port-channel3
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

Question: What routing issues could cause network instability in this configuration?

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: The RIB shows 10.100.169.0/24 reachable via 192.168.22.1 on FastEthernet0/1. CEF shows this prefix with 'punt' or 'glean' adjacency instead of a resolved MAC address.
2. Analysis: CEF 'glean' adjacency means the router needs to perform an ARP lookup for 192.168.22.1 before forwarding. 'Punt' means packets are sent to the CPU for processing. Both indicate the Layer 2 next-hop is not fully resolved.
3. Context: Every packet to 10.100.169.0/24 triggers an ARP request or CPU punt, causing severe performance degradation. This commonly occurs when the next-hop is reachable but ARP is failing due to proxy-ARP being disabled, VLAN mismatch, or MAC address table overflow.
4. Recommendation: Verify ARP entry for 192.168.22.1 with 'show ip arp 192.168.22.1'. If missing, check L2 connectivity on FastEthernet0/1. Ensure proxy-ARP is enabled if required. Check for MAC flapping or CAM table exhaustion on the switch.
</reasoning>
<answer>
CRITICAL: CEF adjacency incomplete for 10.100.169.0/24. Next-hop 192.168.22.1 shows 'glean'/'punt' in CEF instead of resolved MAC. Every packet punts to CPU. Verify ARP, L2 connectivity on FastEthernet0/1, and proxy-ARP settings.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
B    10.131.42.0/29 [20/5] via 192.168.236.228
B    10.130.192.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.50.1
B    10.130.192.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.58.1
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
B    10.233.95.0/18 [20/6] via 192.168.59.78

Question: What routing issues could cause network instability in this configuration?

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two BGP routes to 10.130.192.0/24 exist via 192.168.50.1 and 192.168.58.1 with identical attributes. However, the BGP session with 192.168.50.1 has not sent keepalives for over 3 minutes.
2. Analysis: BGP hold time is typically 180 seconds (3 minutes). If keepalives are not received within the hold time, the session should be torn down and routes withdrawn. A stale route persisting indicates a TCP session stuck in ESTABLISHED state without actual data flow.
3. Context: This is a classic 'stuck BGP session' scenario. The router still has the route in the RIB, but if the peer is actually down, traffic sent via 192.168.50.1 will be dropped. This causes intermittent connectivity issues that are hard to diagnose.
4. Recommendation: Clear the BGP session with 192.168.50.1 using 'clear ip bgp 192.168.50.1'. Verify underlying IP connectivity with ping and traceroute. Check for MTU mismatches or ACLs blocking TCP port 179. Consider reducing hold time for faster failure detection.
</reasoning>
<answer>
CRITICAL: Stale BGP ECMP path for 10.130.192.0/24. Session with 192.168.50.1 has not sent keepalives within hold time. Route persists due to stuck TCP session. Clear BGP session and verify underlying connectivity.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
B    10.248.16.0/29 [20/10] via 192.168.62.85
B    10.65.4.0/29 [20/10] via 192.168.119.169
B    10.93.149.0/28 [20/2] via 192.168.254.109
B    10.147.148.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.49.1
B    10.147.148.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.57.1
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0

Question: What routing issues could cause network instability in this configuration?

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two BGP routes to 10.147.148.0/24 exist via 192.168.49.1 and 192.168.57.1 with identical attributes. However, the BGP session with 192.168.49.1 has not sent keepalives for over 3 minutes.
2. Analysis: BGP hold time is typically 180 seconds (3 minutes). If keepalives are not received within the hold time, the session should be torn down and routes withdrawn. A stale route persisting indicates a TCP session stuck in ESTABLISHED state without actual data flow.
3. Context: This is a classic 'stuck BGP session' scenario. The router still has the route in the RIB, but if the peer is actually down, traffic sent via 192.168.49.1 will be dropped. This causes intermittent connectivity issues that are hard to diagnose.
4. Recommendation: Clear the BGP session with 192.168.49.1 using 'clear ip bgp 192.168.49.1'. Verify underlying IP connectivity with ping and traceroute. Check for MTU mismatches or ACLs blocking TCP port 179. Consider reducing hold time for faster failure detection.
</reasoning>
<answer>
CRITICAL: Stale BGP ECMP path for 10.147.148.0/24. Session with 192.168.49.1 has not sent keepalives within hold time. Route persists due to stuck TCP session. Clear BGP session and verify underlying connectivity.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
B    10.131.76.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.24.1, AS_PATH: 65001
B    10.214.233.0/25 [20/10] via 192.168.79.173
B    10.25.110.0/23 [20/3] via 192.168.98.70
B    10.162.165.0/20 [20/8] via 192.168.245.31
B    10.122.138.0/26 [20/4] via 192.168.201.252
B    10.131.76.0/24 [20/0] via 192.168.88.1, AS_PATH: 65002 65003
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
B    10.64.165.0/23 [20/10] via 192.168.172.73

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two BGP routes to 10.131.76.0/24 exist via 192.168.24.1 (AS_PATH: 65001) and 192.168.88.1 (AS_PATH: 65002 65003). Both have local-pref 100 and weight 0.
2. Analysis: BGP path selection prefers shorter AS_PATH. The route via 192.168.24.1 has AS_PATH length 1, while the route via 192.168.88.1 has length 2. Therefore, only the path via 192.168.24.1 is selected as best path. ECMP requires all compared attributes to be identical up to the point of divergence.
3. Context: Even with 'maximum-paths 2' configured, BGP will not install the second path because AS_PATH lengths differ. The router is single-homed in terms of active forwarding, defeating redundancy.
4. Recommendation: If true ECMP is desired, manipulate AS_PATH to be equal (e.g., using AS_PATH prepending on the preferred path) or adjust local-preference/weight. Alternatively, accept single best-path behavior if design intent is primary/backup.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: BGP unequal-cost paths for 10.131.76.0/24. AS_PATH lengths differ (1 vs 2). 'maximum-paths' will not help. Equalize AS_PATH or use local-preference for true ECMP.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.24.238.0/24 [110/3] via 192.168.28.1, 13:40:11, Port-channel6
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.24.238.0/24 [110/59] via 192.168.82.1, 16:45:06, FastEthernet0/0
O    10.136.222.0/24 [110/9] via 192.168.81.196, 12:34:36, GigabitEthernet0/1
O    10.223.13.0/28 [110/5] via 192.168.139.60, 13:06:38, Serial1/0:0

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two OSPF routes to 10.24.238.0/24 exist via 192.168.28.1 (metric 3) and 192.168.82.1 (metric 59).
2. Analysis: ECMP requires equal metrics for all paths to the same destination. The metrics differ by 56, which violates ECMP requirements. CEF will select only the best path.
3. Context: Traffic will not be load-balanced. The higher-metric path is effectively unused, wasting bandwidth. If the lower-metric path fails, convergence will be slower as the router must discover the backup.
4. Recommendation: Equalize OSPF costs on all interfaces leading to 10.24.238.0/24. Verify interface bandwidth and delay settings are consistent across parallel links.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Asymmetric ECMP for 10.24.238.0/24. OSPF metrics differ (3 vs 59). CEF will not load-balance. Equalize interface costs on Port-channel6 and FastEthernet0/0.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
D    10.60.212.0/28 [90/846] via 192.168.145.30
D    10.222.91.0/23 [90/897] via 192.168.158.196
D    10.59.238.0/24 [90/198] via 192.168.20.1
D    10.60.29.0/27 [90/743] via 192.168.173.7
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
D    10.108.245.0/23 [90/684] via 192.168.91.198
D    10.59.238.0/24 [90/198] via 192.168.90.1

Question: Does this routing table have any routing inconsistencies?

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two EIGRP routes to 10.59.238.0/24 exist with equal metrics (198) via 192.168.20.1 and 192.168.90.1. However, 'show ip eigrp topology' reveals the route via 192.168.20.1 has not been updated for over 15 minutes.
2. Analysis: EIGRP uses hold timers (default 15 seconds on high-speed links, 180 on low-speed) to determine neighbor validity. A route persisting beyond the hold time without hello packets indicates a silent failure or unidirectional link.
3. Context: EIGRP may retain a stale route in the topology table if the neighbor is not properly declared dead. This can happen with stuck-in-active (SIA) conditions or when hello packets are lost but data packets still flow.
4. Recommendation: Check EIGRP neighbor status with 'show ip eigrp neighbors'. Verify hold time and hello interval on interfaces toward 192.168.20.1. Investigate for unidirectional link failures or SIA events.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Stale EIGRP ECMP path for 10.59.238.0/24. Route via 192.168.20.1 has not been refreshed beyond hold time. Verify EIGRP neighbor adjacency and interface counters. Potential SIA or unidirectional link failure.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
D    10.36.51.0/20 [90/901] via 192.168.70.171
D    10.93.218.0/24 [90/283] via 192.168.9.1
D    10.93.218.0/24 [90/345] via 192.168.77.1
D    10.93.218.0/24 [90/575] via 192.168.134.1
D    10.28.177.0/30 [90/634] via 192.168.6.210

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Three EIGRP routes to 10.93.218.0/24 have metrics 283, 345, and 575. Current variance is 2, which allows paths with metric up to 566.
2. Analysis: With variance 2, the maximum acceptable metric is 566. Path via 192.168.77.1 has metric 345 (within range), but path via 192.168.134.1 has metric 575 (exceeds range). Therefore, only two paths participate in unequal-cost load balancing.
3. Context: The third path is completely unused despite being a valid feasible successor. This underutilizes available capacity. If the variance was intended to include all three paths, it is insufficient.
4. Recommendation: Increase variance to 3 to include all three paths. Alternatively, if only two paths are desired, verify the design intent and remove or suppress the third path to avoid confusion.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: EIGRP variance 2 too low for 10.93.218.0/24. Metric 575 via 192.168.134.1 exceeds variance limit (566). Only 2 of 3 paths are active. Increase variance to 3 or verify design intent.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.215.190.0/24 [110/2] via 192.168.202.183, 08:22:59, GigabitEthernet0/3
O    10.28.247.0/24 [110/6] via 192.168.30.1, 03:13:35, Port-channel8
O    10.244.76.0/28 [110/11] via 192.168.125.144, 13:40:52, FastEthernet3/0
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.28.247.0/24 [110/6] via 192.168.86.1, 00:00:17, FastEthernet0/2
O    10.74.53.0/26 [110/3] via 192.168.117.236, 07:24:10, Port-channel3

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two ECMP OSPF routes for 10.28.247.0/24 have equal metrics (6) but vastly different ages: 03:13:35 vs 00:00:17.
2. Analysis: An OSPF route older than 1 hour without refresh suggests the neighbor may be down, the interface is flapping, or the LSA is not being refreshed. OSPF should age out LSAs after 3600 seconds (1 hour).
3. Context: If the neighbor on Port-channel8 is truly unreachable, traffic forwarded via 192.168.30.1 will be black-holed. The stale route remaining in the RIB indicates a potential SPF calculation issue or neighbor stuck in 2-way state.
4. Recommendation: Verify OSPF neighbor state on Port-channel8 using 'show ip ospf neighbor'. Check interface counters for errors or flaps. If the neighbor is down, the route should be removed; investigate why it persists.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Stale ECMP path for 10.28.247.0/24. Route via 192.168.30.1 on Port-channel8 is 03:13:35 old. Verify OSPF neighbor adjacency. Risk of black-holed traffic if next-hop is unreachable.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.42.47.0/16 [110/12] via 192.168.178.183, 03:02:52, Port-channel4
O    10.50.236.0/24 [110/7] via 192.168.23.1, 17:50:13, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.1.39.0/27 [110/13] via 192.168.36.28, 18:17:54, GigabitEthernet0/1
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.50.236.0/24 [110/7] via 192.168.76.1, 00:00:10, Loopback97

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two ECMP OSPF routes for 10.50.236.0/24 have equal metrics (7) but vastly different ages: 17:50:13 vs 00:00:10.
2. Analysis: An OSPF route older than 1 hour without refresh suggests the neighbor may be down, the interface is flapping, or the LSA is not being refreshed. OSPF should age out LSAs after 3600 seconds (1 hour).
3. Context: If the neighbor on GigabitEthernet0/0 is truly unreachable, traffic forwarded via 192.168.23.1 will be black-holed. The stale route remaining in the RIB indicates a potential SPF calculation issue or neighbor stuck in 2-way state.
4. Recommendation: Verify OSPF neighbor state on GigabitEthernet0/0 using 'show ip ospf neighbor'. Check interface counters for errors or flaps. If the neighbor is down, the route should be removed; investigate why it persists.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Stale ECMP path for 10.50.236.0/24. Route via 192.168.23.1 on GigabitEthernet0/0 is 17:50:13 old. Verify OSPF neighbor adjacency. Risk of black-holed traffic if next-hop is unreachable.
</answer>


[System] You are a network routing expert. Analyze the routing table, detect issues, and provide step-by-step reasoning. Use the format: <reasoning>...step-by-step analysis...</reasoning><answer>...concise answer...</answer>

[User]
Routing table:
O    10.72.58.0/20 [110/16] via 192.168.48.62, 14:27:09, GigabitEthernet2/2
O    10.180.96.0/26 [110/12] via 192.168.116.216, 23:30:58, Serial1/0:0
O    10.38.56.0/30 [110/3] via 192.168.158.118, 19:24:20, Loopback74
C    192.168.1.0/24 is directly connected, GigabitEthernet0/0
O    10.32.211.0/24 [110/7] via 192.168.43.1, 16:45:45, GigabitEthernet1/2
O    10.184.222.0/25 [110/16] via 192.168.198.98, 22:42:56, Serial0/1:0
O    10.32.211.0/24 [110/7] via 192.168.60.1, 00:00:43, Port-channel5
O    10.128.125.0/26 [110/18] via 192.168.80.21, 09:33:25, Loopback3

Question: Identify any load balancing issues in this routing table.

[Assistant]
<reasoning>
1. Observation: Two ECMP OSPF routes for 10.32.211.0/24 have equal metrics (7) but vastly different ages: 16:45:45 vs 00:00:43.
2. Analysis: An OSPF route older than 1 hour without refresh suggests the neighbor may be down, the interface is flapping, or the LSA is not being refreshed. OSPF should age out LSAs after 3600 seconds (1 hour).
3. Context: If the neighbor on GigabitEthernet1/2 is truly unreachable, traffic forwarded via 192.168.43.1 will be black-holed. The stale route remaining in the RIB indicates a potential SPF calculation issue or neighbor stuck in 2-way state.
4. Recommendation: Verify OSPF neighbor state on GigabitEthernet1/2 using 'show ip ospf neighbor'. Check interface counters for errors or flaps. If the neighbor is down, the route should be removed; investigate why it persists.
</reasoning>
<answer>
WARNING: Stale ECMP path for 10.32.211.0/24. Route via 192.168.43.1 on GigabitEthernet1/2 is 16:45:45 old. Verify OSPF neighbor adjacency. Risk of black-holed traffic if next-hop is unreachable.
</answer>